Reference citation: Nakamura, I. and N.V. Parin. 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 15. Snake mackerels and cutlassfishes of the world (families Gempylidae and Trichiuridae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the snake mackerels, snoeks, escolars, gemfishes, sackfishes, domine, oilfish, cutlassfishes,. scabbardfishes, hairtails, and frostfishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(15):136 p.
Source citation: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2018. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version (10/2018).
Reference citation: Meyer, M. and M.J. Smale. 1991. Predation patterns of demersal teleosts from the Cape south and west coasts of South Africa.1. Pelagic predators. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 11:173-191.
Source citation: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2018. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version (10/2018).