American bollworm
(Helicoverpa zea)

Animalia / Arthropoda / Insecta / Lepidoptera / Noctuidae / Helicoverpa

Predation Herbivory

Tobacco
(Nicotiana tabacum)

Plantae / Tracheophyta / Magnoliopsida / Solanales / Solanaceae / Nicotiana

Reference citation:
Ignoffo, C.M., McIntosh, A.H. and Garcia, C. 1983. Susceptibility of larvae of Heliothis zea. H. virescens. and H. armigera (Lep: Noctuidae) to 3 baculoviruses. Entomophaga 28:1-8.

Source citation:
Sarah E Miller. 12/13/2016. Species associations manually extracted from Onstad, D.W. EDWIP: Ecological Database of the World's Insect Pathogens. Champaign, Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey, [23/11/2016]. http://insectweb.inhs.uiuc.edu/Pathogens/EDWIP.

Source archive URL:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Groner, A. 1986. Specificity and safety of baculoviruses. pp. 177-202 in: Granados, R.R. and Federici, B.A. [eds.], The biology of baculoviruses, Vol 1: Biological properties and molecular biology. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Reference URL:
Adams, J.R., and McClintock, J.T. 1991. Baculoviridae. nuclear polyhedrosis viruses Part 1. Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of insects. pp. 87-204 in Adams, J.R. and Bonami, J.R. [Eds.] Atlas of Invertebrate Viruses. CRC Press, Boston.

Source archive URL:
Sarah E Miller. 12/13/2016. Species associations manually extracted from Onstad, D.W. EDWIP: Ecological Database of the World's Insect Pathogens. Champaign, Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey, [23/11/2016]. http://insectweb.inhs.uiuc.edu/Pathogens/EDWIP.

Source DOI:
millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens

Reference citation:
Federici, B.A., Hamm, J.J. Styer, E.L. 1991. Ascoviridae. pp. 339-349 in Adams, J.R. and Bonami, J.R. Atlas of invertebrate viruses. CRC Press, Boston.

Source archive URL:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Martignoni, M.E. and Iwai, P.J. A catalogue of viral diseases of insects, mites and ticks. Appendix 2 [pp. 899-912] In, H.D. Burges (ed.) Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases, 1970-1980. London: Academic Press, 1981. 949 pp.

Reference URL:
Anthony, D. W. and Comps, M. 1991. Iridoviridae pp. 55-86 in Adams, J.R. and Bonami, J.R. [Eds.] Atlas of invertebrate viruses. CRC Press, Boston.

Source DOI:
millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens

Source archive URL:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference URL:
Chapter 11. In Ignoffo, C.M., et al. [eds.] Parasites and Pathogens of Insects. Vol. 2: Pathogens. Academic Press. Inc.

Source citation:
Arne, C. N., and Nordin, G. L. 1995. Enhancement of indices of viral infection by simultaneously administering Helicoverpa zea and Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses to larval Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 66: 18-24.

Source DOI:
Sarah E Miller. 12/13/2016. Species associations manually extracted from Onstad, D.W. EDWIP: Ecological Database of the World's Insect Pathogens. Champaign, Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey, [23/11/2016]. http://insectweb.inhs.uiuc.edu/Pathogens/EDWIP.

Reference URL:
Chapter 11. In Ignoffo, C.M., et al. [eds.] Parasites and Pathogens of Insects. Vol. 2: Pathogens. Academic Press. Inc.

Reference citation:
Hostetter, D.L., and Puttler, B., 1991. A new broad host spectrum nuclear polyhedrosis virus isolated from a celery looper, Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby), (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environ. Entomol. 20: 1480-1488.

Source archive URL:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Biever, K.D., Andrews, P.L. 1984. Susceptibility of lepidopterous larvae to Plutella xylostella nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 44:117-119.

Source archive URL:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Adams, J.R., and McClintock, J.T. 1991. Baculoviridae. nuclear polyhedrosis viruses Part 1. Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of insects. pp. 87-204 in Adams, J.R. and Bonami, J.R. [Eds.] Atlas of Invertebrate Viruses. CRC Press, Boston.

Source archive URL:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Martignoni, M.E., and Iwai, P.J., 1986. A Catalogue of Viral Diseases of insects, Mites, and Ticks. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR, General Technical Report PNW-195, 4th edition,51 pp.

Source archive URL:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Horton, D. L. 1983. A neogregarine protozoan pathogen of Heliothis zea (Boddie). DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS INTERNATIONAL B SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 43(10) 1983: 3128.

Source archive URL:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Sprague, V. 1977. Annotated List of Species of Microsporidia. pp. 31-334. In Bulla, L.A. and Cheng, T.C. [eds.], Comparative Pathobiology V. 2

Reference URL:
McLaughlin, R. E., Daum, R. J. and Bell, M. R., 1968. Development of the bait principle for boll-weevil control III. Field-cage tests with a feeding stimulant and the protozoans Mattisia grandis (Neogregarinida) and a microsporidian. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 12: 168-174.

Source DOI:
millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens

Reference citation:
Li, Z.

Source archive URL:
millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens

Source DOI:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Ignoffo, C.M., and Garcia, C., 1965. Infection of the cabbage looper, bollworm, tobacco budworm, and pink bollworm with spores of Mattesia grandis McLaughlin collected from boll weevils. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 7: 260-262

Source archive URL:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Sprague, V. 1977. Annotated List of Species of Microsporidia. pp. 31-334. In Bulla, L.A. and Cheng, T.C. [eds.], Comparative Pathobiology V. 2

Reference URL:
Gaugler, R.R., and Brooks, W.M. 1975. Sublethal effects of infection by Nosema heliothidis in the corn earworm Heliothis zea. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 26: 57-63.

Source citation:
Brooks, W. M., 1973. Protozoa: Host-parasite-pathogen interrelationships. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am., 9: 105-111.

Reference citation:
Sprague, V. 1977. Annotated List of Species of Microsporidia. pp. 31-334. In Bulla, L.A. and Cheng, T.C. [eds.], Comparative Pathobiology V. 2

Reference URL:
Gaugler, R.R., and Brooks, W.M. 1975. Sublethal effects of infection by Nosema heliothidis in the corn earworm Heliothis zea. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 26: 57-63.

Source citation:
Brooks, W. M., 1973. Protozoa: Host-parasite-pathogen interrelationships. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am., 9: 105-111.

Reference citation:
Henry, J. E., Oma, E.A., Onsager, J.A., and Oldacre, S.W., 1979. Infectioon of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea, with Nosema acridophagus and Nosema cuneatum from grasshoppers: relative virulence and production of spores. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 34: 125-132.

Source archive URL:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Iwano, H. and Kurtti, T. J. 1995. Identification and isolation of dimorphic spores from Nosema furnacalis (Microspora:Nosematidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 65: 230-236.

Source archive URL:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Brooks, W. M., Hazard, E. I. and Becnel, J., 1985. Two new species of Nosema (Microsporida: Nosematidae) from the Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis (coleoptera: Coccinellidae). J. Protozool. 32: 525-535.

Source archive URL:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Sprague, V. 1977. Annotated List of Species of Microsporidia. pp. 31-334. In Bulla, L.A. and Cheng, T.C. [eds.], Comparative Pathobiology V. 2

Reference URL:
Brooks, W. M., 1971. Protozoan infections of insects with emphasis on inflammation, pp. 11-27 in International Colloquium on Insect Pathology, IVth, College Park, Maryland, 25-28 August 1970, Proceedings.

Source citation:
Nordin, G.L. and Maddox, J.V., 1974. Microsporidia of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea I. Identification, distribution, and comparison of Nosema sp. with similar Nosema spp. from other Lepidoptera. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 24: 1-13.

Reference citation:
Maddox, J. 1993. Protozoa and virus germplasm collection. Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 East Peabody Dr., Champaign, IL 61820

Reference URL:
Fuxa, J.R., and Brooks, W.M., 1979. Effects of Vairimorpha necatrix in sprays and corn meal on Heliothis species in tobacco, soybeans, and sorghum. Journal of Economic Entomology 72: 462-467.

Source citation:
Maddox, J. V.

Source archive URL:
and Fuxa, J. R. Vairimorpha necatrix a pathogen of agricultural pests: potential for pest control. Chapter 31 [pp. 587-594] In, H.D. Burges (ed.) Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases, 1970-1980. London: Academic Press, 1981. 949 pp.

Source DOI:
Brooks, W. M. 1988. Entomogenous protozoa, pp. 1-121 in C. M. Ignoffo (ed.) CRC Handbook of Natural Pesticides Vol. 5 Microbial Insecticides, Part A, Entomogenous Protozoa and Fungi. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Reference citation:
Kelly, J.F., Anthony, D.W., Dillard, C.R., 1981. A laboratory evaluation of the microsporidian Vavraia culicis as an agent for mosquito control. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 37: 117-122.

Source archive URL:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Humber, R.A. 1992. Collection of entomopathogenic fungal cultures: catolog of strains, 1992. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service. ARS-110. 177pp. (Plant Protection Research Unit, U.S. Plant, Soil, and Water Laboratory, Tower Rd., Ithaca, N. Y. 14853-0331.)

Source archive URL:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Hamm, J.J., 1980. Epizootics of Entomophthora aulicae in lepidopterous pests of sorghum. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 36: 60-63.

Source archive URL:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Brooks, W. M., 1971. Protozoan infections of insects with emphasis on inflammation, pp. 11-27 in International Colloquium on Insect Pathology, IVth, College Park, Maryland, 25-28 August 1970, Proceedings.

Source archive URL:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Brooks, W. M. 1993. Host-parasitoid-pathogen interactions

Reference URL:
Ignoffo, C.M. The fungus Nomuraea rileyi as amicrobial insecticide. Chapter 27 [pp. 513-538] In, H.D. Burges (ed.) Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases, 1970-1980. London: Academic Press, 1981. 949 pp.

Source DOI:
millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens

Reference citation:
Brooks, W. M. 1993. Host-parasitoid-pathogen interactions

Source DOI:
millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens

Reference citation:
Brooks, W. M. 1993. Host-parasitoid-pathogen interactions

Source archive URL:
millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens

Source DOI:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Brooks, W. M. 1993. Host-parasitoid-pathogen interactions

Source archive URL:
millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens

Source DOI:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Anthony, D. W.

Reference URL:
Hazard, E. I.

Source citation:
Avery, S. W.

Source archive URL:
and Oldacre, S. W. 1978. Field tests with Nosema algerae Vavra and Undeen (Microsporida, Nosematidae) against Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann in Panama. Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 11: 17-27.

Source DOI:
Canning, E. U. 1982. An evaluation of protozoal characteristics in relation to biological control of pests. Parasitology 84: 119-149.

Reference citation:
Raulston, J. R., Pair, S. D., Loera, J. and Cabanillas, H. E., 1992. Prepupal and pupal parasitism of Helicoverpa zea and Spodptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Steinernema sp. in cornfields in the lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Economic Entomology 85: 1666-1670.

Source archive URL:
millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens

Source DOI:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Reference citation:
Akhurst, R. J., 1987. Use of starch gel electrophoresis in the taxonomy of the genus Heterorhabditis (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae). Nematologica 33: 11-9.

Source archive URL:
millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens

Source DOI:
https://github.com/millerse/Ecological-Database-of-the-World-s-Insect-Pathogens/archive/187c16c8e664860d07e20f8a5ce209836e609c0b.zip

Cases